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The photographs, of very distant stars and galaxies, were analyzed to test a fundamental aspect of quantum theory, which is a collection of widely held ideas about physics at the invisible level of atoms, and how these ideas relate to conceptions of physics on the grandest scales of the universe. Conventional thinking is that space and time can be thought of together as a sort of foam. As light travels through the foam, it ought to be disrupted, ever so slightly, such that by the time it crosses much of the universe it would render only blurry pictures when gathered by a precision telescope. Put simple, Hubble ought to see a pixilation effect when photographing distant objects. It does not. Hubble pictures are crisp and clear, no matter the distance to the object. And that, say two separate teams of researchers, might mean THERE ARE FLAWS IN QUANTUM THEORY. The newest study was led by Roberto Ragazzoni of the Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, Italy and the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany. Ragazzoni told SPACE.com the expected quantum effect is like a subtle version of the blurring caused by Earth's atmosphere, which makes stars twinkle. When light arrives from a distant object, Ragazzoni explained, some parts of the light's wave should be retarded with respect to others, because each would take slightly different paths through the foam.(Fudge Factor) Light will appear to come from positions around the actual source, causing a blur. Ragazzoni's team studied Hubble pictures of a galaxy more than 5 billion light-years away and, separately, an exploding star 42 million light-years distant. "You don't see a universe that is blurred," he said. "If you take any Hubble Space Telescope Deep Field image you see sharp images, which is enough to tell us that the light has not been distorted or perturbed by fluctuations in space-time from the source to the observer." The research will be published April 10 in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. Similar results came a few weeks ago from scientists using a slightly different technique at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Richard Lieu and Lloyd Hillman used separate Hubble images and a more complex analyzing technique to examine galaxies that are at least 4 billion light-years away. THEY DID NOT FIND THE EXPECTED QUANTUM EFFECT. Light is said to move in very small but measurable quanta, or quantum bits, and has no mass, so they say. Time is supposed to move in correspondingly miniscule quantum bits. The bits fit in with Einstein's theory of general relativity, which describes physics at the large scale of the universe. Einstein said time, gravity and the fabric of space are different manifestations of the same phenomenon. In recent years, theorists have refined all this thinking and determined a pair of quanta -- the Planck length (one trillion-trillion-trillionth of a meter) and a similarly miniscule packet of Planck time -- that should be the smallest measurable. Below these thresholds, things should become fuzzy: If light's travel is quantized, it would in theory be variable in units below the Planck limit. The Planck length is the scale at which classical ideas about gravity and space-time cease to be valid, and quantum effects dominate. This is the 'quantum of length', the smallest measurement of length with any meaning. roughly equal to 1.6 x 10-35 m or about 10-20 times the size of a proton. The Planck time is the time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to across a distance equal to the Planck length. This is the 'quantum of time', the smallest measurement of time that has any meaning, and is equal to 10-43 seconds. No smaller division of time has any meaning, since a photon carries with it the smallest unit of time measurable. With in the framework of the laws of physics as we understand them today, we can say only that the universe came into existence when it already had an age of 10-43 seconds ( Big - Bang Quantum Physics) A GREAT FUDGE FACTOR. THERE NEVER WAS A BIG-BANG, to start the Physical universe, as is now plainly seen. The aging of the individual members of the Universe does not imply that the Universe as a whole is aging. Although the Universe is unchanging on a large scale, it is not unchanging in detail. Each individual galaxy ages, owing to the way it's resources of hydrogen depletes to helium, by external flowing concentrated electric / plasma current. (Birkeland Current) During the late 1800's in Norway, physicist Kristian Birkeland explained that the reason we could see the auroras was that they were plasmas. Birkeland also discovered the twisted corkscrew shaped paths taken by electric currents when they exist in plasmas. Sometimes those twisted shapes are visible and sometimes not - it depends on the strength of the current density being carried by the plasma. Today these streams of ions and electrons are called "Birkeland Currents". The mysterious "sprites", "elves", and "blue jets" associated with electrical storms on Earth are examples of Birkeland currents in the plasma of our upper atmosphere, of the spherical capacitor earth. They also exist in plasma, that makes up 99% of the Universe as intergalactic currents, and as coronal dicharges on the Sun, as well as the solar wind.(solar current) When the human population is looked at, we see each individual is born, grows up, and dies.; but if the population is looked at in a statistical way, no change seems to take place at all, at least if the population is fairly stationary, over time. The number of children, at say 9 years old, will stay more less the same, although there will be different individuals. Similarity, the portion of the population say over 65, will be more-less the same over time, composed of different individuals. Hence, the overall view of the general system will generally appear the same. Individual galaxies move apart owing to their thermal expansion, in the temp. of space (2.8°K) and in the increasing spaces between them, newly created matter condenses FROM THE PLASMA, to form new galaxies, so the average distances remain relatively the same, even at 14 billion so-called light years. While all matter is subject to gravitational forces, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged ions in a plasma also react to electric and magnetic forces and are 10^36 times as strong as gravity Plasma is so energetic or "hot" that in space it consists soley of ions and electrons. It is only when plasma is cooled and condenses, that the atoms or molecules that are so predominant in forming gases, liquids, and solids that we are so accustomed to on Earth, is possible. So, in space, plasma remains electrically charged. Thus plasmas carry electric currents and are more influenced by electromagnetic forces than by gravitational forces. Outside the Earth's atmosphere, the dominant form of matter is plasma, and "empty" space has been found to be quite "alive" with a constant flow of plasma. Plasma cosmologists show that the visible universe is threaded with cosmic power lines, composed of Birkeland currents. This electrical power source renders thermodynamic arguments about the age of the visible universe and its fate invalid. The visible universe is not a closed system. Galaxies are the largest plasma discharge formations in the visible universe. Stars are the cosmic electric street lamps that light them. In the proposed plasma universe, deep space is permeated with giant filaments of electrons and ions. (Birkeland Currets) These are not the hypothetical cosmic strings which supposedly involve higher dimensions of space. Instead, the plasma strands are thought to be real, physical entities, not mathematical fantasies. It is further proposed that these filaments twist together in space due to electromagnetic / plasma interactions initiated by Birkeland Currents Some of their vast energy is then converted into matter, and new galaxies are the eventual result. This plasma "theory of everything" seeks to explain almost every cosmic detail. Thus the intricate spiral arms of galaxies are said to reveal further interactions of the plasma filaments. Since galaxies contain 100 billion stars each and are 100 thousand light years across, the proposed plasma strands are clearly of immense energy and size. Although each galaxy ages in millions, and billions of years in this manner, the view of the entire system will always reveal the same picture, as in the case of our population. In the Plasma/Electric Universe, galaxies and their components are formed all the time, over billions of our years, in the space between existing galaxies as to maintain with the average density of galaxies in an "apparent" expansion of the Universe. Because of these additional interactions, plasma display structures and motions are far more complex than those found in neutral solids, liquids, or gases. Condensation of these complex interactions are the process of birth of differnt types of galaxies, and it's components, and expansion to regions hard to see, is the process of death. Growing up comes in between, in the never ending cosmos, of the outside, spacially extended Universe. |
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