WALKINGSTICK CAME TO THE WATERS OF THE HIGHTOWER ON THE SOUTH SIDE WHEN HE WAS STILL A BOY AND WAS RAISED ON CRAWFISH CREEK ABOUT 15 MILES FROM OLD HIGHTOWER TOWN. IN THE YEAR 1821 HE SETTLED ON SWEETWATER CREEK ABOUT 10 MILES FROM BUZZARDS ROOST. WHEN GENERAL JOHN SEVIER MARCHED AN ARMY INTO THE CHEROKEE NATION IN 1792, WALKINGSTICK WAS ONE OF A PARTY OF ABOUT 100 CHEROKEES WHO EMBODIED TO MEET SEVIER AND ENGAGE HIM IN BATTLE TO SAVE THE KEOWE TOWNS BUT THEY ARRIVED TOO LATE. SEVIER AND 700 MILITIAMEN FROM TENNESEE DESTROYED THE VLLAGES ALONG THE ETOWAH RIVER AND WON A BATTLE AGAINST THE CHEROKEES THERE, MANY OF THEM WOMEN AND CHILDREN AS MOST OF THE WARRIORS WERE AWAY ENGAGING OTHER WHITE ENCROACHMENTS ON CHEROKEE LAND. corroboration: SEVIER & 250 men left Big Island of French Broad River in midSeptember. At Chota SEVIER met John WATTS & Noonday (called "Butler"). WATTS offered to guide SEVIER to the Cherokee towns; but WATTS was a friend of Dragging Canoe's; and SEVIER felt he could not be trusted in this. Hanging Maw met the army at Tellico. Both Tellico and Hiawassee were peaceful towns. They were left alone. The troops went on to Settico, Bull Town, Vann, Chickamauga and Tuskegee. John ROGERS (the White Trader) left a note saying he wanted to join the whites but was afraid. ROGERS came in the next day bringing Jack SIVIL, a negro who had been captured on the Cumberland. WATTS did not lead SEVIER to the new "Five Lower Towns". Unaware of their existence, SEVIER now thought he had demolished all of the Chickamauga settlements and proceeded along Chickamauga Creek over the mountains to the Coosa River. Patrick CLEMENTS, a Tory refugee was captured and killed when he tried to escape. At Spring Frog Town, some Indians were chased; but they escaped. Next Ustinaula on the Coosa was destroyed. Robert BEAN's detachment captured a squaw, several children and a warrior of small stature with a very good rifle. SEVIER next destroyed Ellijay and Coosawatie, also on the Coosa. He then sent word that he was ready to meet the Chiefs at Chota for a peace talk. In October SEVIER met with Oconostota (his last public appearance), Old Tassel & Hanging Maw at Chota. The peace pipe was smoked. The Chickamaugans and the Five Lower Towns (Running Water, Nickajack, Long Island, Crow & Lookout Mountain) were left untouched; but SEVIER did not know this. The Treaty of Paris was signed in November between the U.S. & the English. This signified that the United States stood independent. The English returned Florida to Spain,

1842 Cherokee Claims, Flint District, Cherokee Nation Claim #3 WalkinStick Residence in the Old Nation Hightower Present residence Flint District March 23, 1842 (long list of claims including stock, acreage, spinning wheel, cotton cards, a grindstone, 2 feather beds, rifles, household utensils, crosscut saw, corn cribs, etc) WalkinStick, claimant, states on oath as follows: He was residig south of the boundary line that was between the Creek and Cherokee Nations and was forced to abandon his improvements to resettle on the Cherokee land. Citizens of Georgia setlled on the land obtained by McIntosh's Treaty _____shot or destroyed a great portion of the property charged in the foregoing account. Claimant states _____that leaving the place in the Creek country, he settled upon HIghtower river on a creek called Racoon Creek. A Cherokee by the name of George Blackwood killed a white man and the _____white people became so enraged and threatened the claimant so much that he was forced to leave and seek______in some other portion of the country and thereby he lost a great portion of his property charged in the foregoing claim and this is the premises that he has never been paid for and that charged against the U.S. for his claim. Claimant further states that he settled again on the ______creek Hightower river he was dispossesed there and he claimant settled another place about a mile. This settlement was made after the 23rd of May 183 and was not valued. Claimant states he has never received pay for any portion of his claim charged against the U.S. or any other source and that his claim is just and true. John Walkingstick, son of claimant states on oath that his father lost a considerable stock of horses, cattle and hogs and that he had _____stolen and taken by the white citizens of the U.S............... 1842 Flint District Claims Claim #1 Crying Snake To Crying Snake, or E-nah-dah-ne-yer-gah. residence in the east Hightower Town, now resides Flint District. Crying Snake comes forth and make oath that he was living at a place called the Buzzard's Roost on Chattahoochy River at the time a treaty was concluded with General McIntosh a Creek Chief and when the boundary line was made between Creeks and Cherokees _____near where he lived. The country was settled by citizens of Georgia. They stole and destroyed his property at such a rate he was forced to abandon his premises........ Claimant further states after he was forced to leave said premises he settled at Sixes on the Hightower river. The State of Georgia extended her laws over the country and a citizen of Georgia dispossesed him and robbed him................... WalkingStick states on oath he has been acquainted with the above claimant Crying Snake for a number of years, knew him well when claimant lived at Buzzard's Roost. That claimant was forced to abandon his premises there and lost a great deal of property which was taken by citizens of Georgia..........

OSTENACO

Ostenaco was Ani-Waya, or of the Wolf Clan.
I descend from Ostenaco through my grandfather's ancestry.
Chief Wilma Mankiller also descends from Ostenaco.

OSTENACO

OSTENACO, THE RAVEN OF KEOWE, THE OUTACITE, THE MANKILLER OF KEOWE, AKA JUDD'S FRIEND

OSTENACO WAS THE WAR CHIEF OF KEOWE.
HIS WAS A GREAT STORY OF A CHEROKEE WARRIOR. A CLANSMAN OF UDALVNUSTI

IN 1762, OSTENACO WENT TO ENGLAND WITH A FEW OTHER LEADERS OF THE CHEROKEE PEOPLE TO ESTABLISH FRIENDLY RELATIONS AND TO TREAT WITH THE MONARCHY THERE.
LITTLE DID HE REALIZE THEN THAT ONLY A GENERATION LATER THAT JOHN SEVIER'S
ARMIES WOULD DESTROY HIS BELOVED TOWN OF KEOWE.

THE PERIOD FOLLOWING THE RELOCATION OF THE CHEROKEES OUT OF SOUTH CAROLINA INTO GEORGIA WAS A TUMULTUOUS ONE. HOWEVER, THE CHEROKEES NEVER AGAIN COULD MOUNT A SIGNIFICANT MILITARY RESISTANCE AGAINST THE COLONIAL ARMIES. THERE FOLLOWED AN UNEASY PERIOD OF GRADUAL ACCULTURALIZATION OF THE CHEROKEES. THEY BEGAN TO ADOPT THE WAYS OF THE WHITES MORE AND MORE AND WITH THE CHEROKEE LEADERSHIP ADOPTING A POLICY OF TREATING WITH THE UNITED STATES FOR ESTABLISHED TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES. THE CHEROKEES AND CREEKS HAD LONG BEEN BITTER ENEMIES. WHEN THE CREEKS SIDED WITH THE FRENCH IN THE WAR OF 1812, THE CHEROKEES SERVICES WERE SOUGHT BY THE UNITED STATES TO AID IN DEFEATING THE FRENCH AND THEIR ALLIES. THE CHEROKEES WERE ONLY TOO WILLING TO GO AGAINST THE CREEKS AND GAIN FAVOR WITH THE U.S. GOVERNMENT FOR THEIR HELP IN THE WAR. U DA LV NU STI FOUGHT AT THE BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND ALONGSIDE THE CHEROKEES WHO WERE AIDING ANDREW JACKSON QUELL THE CREEK UPRISING IN 1814. THERE WAS ANOTHER WALKING STICK, PRESUMABLY HIS SON, WHO DIED AT THIS BATTLE. IN 1822, U DA LV NU STI IS LISTED AS A MEMBER OF THE CHEROKEE REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATED UNDER CHIEF PATHKILLER REPRESENTING THE VILLAGE OF HICKORY LOG U DA LV NU STI'S PRESTIGE IN THE E LI TSA YI AREA WAS IMMENSE AND HE RANKED HIGH IN THE COUNCILS OF HIS PEOPLE AS A DIPLOMAT BETWEEN THE CHEROKEE AND THE WHITE MAN'S GOVERNMENT. U DA LV NU STI INCREASED HIS LAND HOLDINGS AND BECAME PROFICIENT IN THE WAYS OF AGRICULTURE AND BUSINESS OF THE EVER INCREASING WHITE POPLULATION AFTER THE END OF THE CREEK WAR.

THE BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND During the protracted War of 1812, the Muskogee nation or Creek tribe mounted an offensive guerilla war against the United States. The great Shawnee warrior and leader, Tecumseh (Tecumtha) had come among the Creeks and Cherokees in 1811 advocating his hope of a united front against aggression and further land settlement by the whites. The Cherokees declined. The Creeks, however, were more than willing to join in part with Tecumseh. Thus began the Red Stick War. Andrew Jackson led the U.S. forces into battle against the Creeks. The climatic battle occured at the horseshoe bend of the Tallapoosa river in present day Alabama. In March of 1814, the Creeks held out against overwhelming forces at the Horseshoe Bend. Despite constant bombardment and fire their defenses could not be breached. Suddenly, a turkey gobble, the Cherokee war cry filled the air, the Cherokees had managed to swim the river and outflank the Creeks. The battle raged for hours as the Cherokee had turned the tide against the Creeks. The proud Creeks would give no quarter and asked for none in return. They were killed to the last man.

THE AFTERMATH 557 Creek warriors lay dead in the ruins of the war. The Americans lost 32 with 99 wounded. The Cherokee loss was substantial. Of the Cherokee, 18 were dead and 36 wounded. One of these was the son of WalkingStick. Walkingstick himself participated in the battle. Thisi great victory propelled Jackson into the national spotlight and furthered his politiical career to the highest office in the land. Little were the Cherokee to know then the scheming treachery Jackson was capable of in his tenure as president. After Jackson turned a deaf ear to the Cherokees petitions to stay in their native lands, One of the Cherokee leaders said of him, "if i had known then (what treachery he was capable of), I would have killed him myself that day at the Horseshoe.

CHEROKEE MUSTER ROLLS OF THE BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND Colonel Gideon Morgan's Regiment 27 January 1814 to 11 April 1814 MUSTER ROLL OF COMPANY OF MOUNTED AND FOOT CHEROKEE UNDER THE COMMAND OF CAPTAIN SHOE BOOTS ------------------------------------------------------------------ IN A REGIMENT COMMANDED BY COLONEL GIDEON MORGAN, JR. IN MAJOR GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON'S DVISION IN SERVICE OF THE UNITED STATES AGAINST THE HOSTILE CREEKS ------------------------------------------------------------------ WALKING STICK 4th Seargeant joined; 27 Jan. 1814 discharged; 11 Apr. 1814 remarks; MOUNTED ------------------------------------------------------------------ CONNESENAH Rain Crow's Company ------------------------------------------------------------------ TEESTESKE John McIntosh's Company ----------------------------------------------------------------- TEASTESKEE James Foster's Company ------------------------------------------------------------------ TOLSNAH Killed at Horseshoe (not listed on other muster) Unknown Company ------------------------------------------------------------------ JOHN James Foster's Company (?) ----------------------------------------------------------------- A list of Indian applications for military bounty land under the act of March 2, 1855 Name of applicant: SOKINNEY, minor heir of Walking Stick by Tarcheche Walkingstick age: not given Tribe to which applicant belongs: Cherokee In what war service is claimed?; Creek For what time? From January 1814 to April 1814 Name of Officers under whom service is claimed: Shoe Boots Date of final certificate to application: Dec.3, 1858 date application received at Office of Indian Affairs; January 1859 date of warrant issued; August 29, 1859 number of warrant; 88.928 date wehn sent; Sept. 23, 1859 name of persons to whom transferred and residence if known; 160 acres date of transfer; march 31, 1860 amount of money paid to warrantee; $120.00 remarks; G. Land Office, October 23, 1860

THE LONG WALK HOME After the conclusion of the victory at the battle, the Cherokee were discharged from the service of the U.S. armed forces. When the Cherokee warriors returned home they found their country ravaged, pilfered and destroyed by the returning militia they had so willingly fought alongside. The Cherokees found that their homes and families had suffered much more from the hands of their white allies than from their enemies the Creeks. Imagine the returning warrior WalkingStick bringing his dead son home to his mother only to find that those he had so willingly fought alongside had plundered his people in return for so great a sacrifice...... A List of Indian Applicants for military bounty land under the Act of Mar 2, 1855. Applicant: Sokinney, minor heir of Walking Stick, by Tarcheche W Stick No age given for Sokinney. Tribe Cherokee War: Creek Time of service: Jan 1818 to April 1814. Shoe Boots was the officer. Captain Shoe Boots, Muster Roll #8 Walking Stick, 4th sarg. Joined: 27 Jan 1814 Discharged: 11 April 1814 Mounted. (note same dates Jan to April 1814) Then there was the Walking Stick killed at Horseshoe Bend. The above WS was "discharged", doesn't say "killed". The widow of WS was paid $240. for 1/2 pay pension. Lewis Ross, atty.

RECORDS OF THE CHEROKEE AGENCY IN TENNESEE RENUMERATIONS FOR THE FAMILY OF WALKINGSTICK WHO WAS KILLED AT THE BATTLE OF HORSESHOE BEND 1814 Ka-Tee, mother of the children Geor-gie boy Oo-sti-na-koo boy Chos-ta-chie boy Oo-taw-loo-kee boy Saw-lee girl Coo-taw-yeh girl Cha-we-yau-caugh girl the family was listed as living in Coo Clo Hee town at this time. A reference to Kati is made later in this testimony regarding SHOE BOOTS, another veteran of the Horseshoe Bend battle.......         1896 Citizenship application #4422, Wm Shoe Boots vs Cherokee Nation "Jno Cochran after being duly sworn states as follows, I am acquainted with applicant. When I first saw Capt Shoeboots and his negro wife they came to my grandmothers house where I and my mother stayed. When they went to the table to eat the question was asked, Shoeboots have you got this woman for a wife or slave. Shoeboots answered, No, I have her for a wife - after he was asked that question he went (out) to a seperate house from them to occupy and they occupied that (the) house for about 2 years. My mother died at that place at that place ws born a child of Shoeboots, it was a girl. In a few days he named it Ka.hu.ga after my mother, and a WOMAN BY THE NAME OF KATE WALKINGSTICK came after me and I went to her house. I do not recollect when Shoeboots died. Shoeboots never came to this country but his wife lived on Honey Creek at Big Mush in Delaware Dist......."

THE SEMINOLE WARS After Andrew Jackson's successful campaign against the Creeks, he turned his attention to the Seminole. The Seminole proved to be a great challenge to Jackson's removal policy and fought for many years resulting in two wars, the First and Second Seminole Wars. Jackson again elicited the aid of the Cherokee in his first campagin against the Seminole. In 1818, about 100 Cherokee went against the Seminole under Jackson's command. The muster of those Cherokee who served in this campaign: Ridge ----Captain , joined March 10, 1818----discharged March 25, 1818--mounted John Dohorety--Lieutenant-J March 10,1818--D March 25,1818--mounted Buffalo Fish (he was a nephew to Chulio, There were two Cherokee named Chulio or a derviative of that name, One was Shoe Boots) who served as an Ensign,joined March 10, 1818  D-March 20, 1818--mounted To la nah --Sgt--J March 10, 1818, D March 25, 1818--mounted Jack or Too na yah--Sgt--J March 10,1818  D March25,1818--mounted Pick the Gun Up -Sgt--J March 10, 1818   D March 25,1818--mounted The Mouse--Sgt--J March 1, 1818  D March 31,1818--mounted Richard Rose--Corporal--J March 1, 1818  D March 31, 1818-mounted Please note: until further denoted, all of the following Cherokees joined on March 1, 1818 and were discharged March 31, 1818. Also all of the following were mounted, until I start the list of unmounted Cherokee Oo ta la tiah-Corporal George Vann--Corporal The Swimmer--Corporal Samuel Rowe--Private NOTE: All of the following are Privates, unless noted otherwise. Tah cha sah Oo ha wah or Turtle Coo sa te hee No luck ah Old Field Cla ma hah Lets go White Mankiller Watch--joined March 10, 1818  Discharged March 25, 1818 (Note: all following unless duly noted joined and were discharged on the same dates as above) John Hunter The Rabbit Koo he tak skee The Elk Cullen sto hee Youe woo yee The Broom Pigeon Fawn Killer (Foot) The Biter (FOot) Bear Track (foot) Sulle koo gee (foot) Jesse Vann ( MOUNTED--and all following are mounted, unless noted otherwise) Charles Tack asee Tolanahah Kinnisah Tum o yah Arch Downing, Sr Arch Downing, Jr. A. Saunders (Alexander probably) Tom Saunders The Wind Will Kunetioh Skunatoya Walleyohah (Joined Feb 1, 1818--Discharged March 15,1818--all Cherokee following this were mustered in and discharged on those same dates listed) Nih la hah Crying for money Wollossee Oot tel kee Ke te ne kannah or Hair    (Foot) Woosa ta yee (Foot) Little  Pins (Foot) The Thief mounted Young Wolf  (foot) Kenah or Fawn (foot) Chulioe--mounted---all following are mounted Chenowe Sweet Water Chugulkee or Cluty Follow After Oolennistah His Son Colloloskee John Fields Samuel L. Lowry --joined on Feb 1,1818 & discharged May 1, 1818--same for all others following Archy qualoowan ( No notation as to whether mounted or on foot--payment varied as to rank, length of service & whether mounted or just on foot. Mounted people were paid more--for the use & upkeep of their horse) Too ni ah Wock a toal Chu choi tee hee John Woods joined       joined Feb1,1818  discharged March 31, 1818 Also, the Field Staff: Major John Lowry Feb 1, 1818 through April 30,1818 Adjutant William McConnel (same dates of service for all following as noted above) Surgeon James Cozby William McCormick, S urgeon's Mate James C. Martin  quarter master (according to Lowry's notes, Martin created the muster rolls mentioned above) Silas Perry--Quarter Master Seargeant (There are 11 pages missing from the file) Walking Stick--alias Tolanh  signed a power of attorney  naming Buffalow Fish (nephew of Chulio) as his (Walkingstick's) lawful attorney, empowering Bufflalo Fish  to receive all moneys due Walking Stick for his service to the United States in a campaign against the Seminole Indians under command  Andrew Jackson. This revealing document gives the name of the Walking Stick who served in the Seminole War as TO.LA.NAH. In addition, a second Walking Stick could be JACK TOO.NA.YAH, or JOHN (JACK)WALKINGSTICK. LASTLY, THIS GIVE US THE CLUE AS TO THE IDENTITY OF THE WALKING STICK WHO DIED AT THE HORSESHOE BEND BATTLE. KILLED AT THE HORSESHOE BEND: #14 TOLSNAH, HSB MUSTER He would be the Walkingstick buried in present day Elijay, Georgia. Therefore, the husband of Ka-ti, and the father of her six children would be TOLSNAH, or TOLANAH. (I believe Tolsnah to be a misspelling based on my knowledge of Cherokee phonetics)

Walking Stick at the Seminole War There were three known men of the Walking Stick family involved in the Seminole War of 1818. Teestiskee (Teeskeskee): In a letter from Return Meigs to Major Alexander Saunders, Captain James Foster and Lieutenant Kelechulee of the Cherokee Nation, dated February 2, 1818, Meigs states Andrew Jackson's desire for 200 Cherokee warriors, "his tried and true friends", to go against the Seminole. The last paragraph of his letter states: "Captain Richard Taylor and TEESTISKEE will come forward to go with you as soon as they can, but you must not wait for them, as they intend to overtake you ........Gov. McMinn is here and joins me in this request to you." RETURN MEIGS Walking Stick alias TOLANH: He designated Buffalo Fish to act as his agent for his services to the United States in the campaign against the Seminole. May 16th, 1819 Jack, or TOONAYAH: he designated James Daniel to act as his agent for his service to the United States in the same campaign against the Seminole. He states he was a private in Captain Ridge's company during this campaign. April 15, 1819 These Cherokee were to be paid $79.72 1/2 for their service. another note states that James Daniel bequeathed his pay to Daniel McCoy to act in his stead for Jack (Toonayah)